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   gitcore-tutorial    ( 7 )

основное руководство Git для разработчиков (A Git core tutorial for developers)

MERGING EXTERNAL WORK

It's usually much more common that you merge with somebody else
       than merging with your own branches, so it's worth pointing out
       that Git makes that very easy too, and in fact, it's not that
       different from doing a git merge. In fact, a remote merge ends up
       being nothing more than "fetch the work from a remote repository
       into a temporary tag" followed by a git merge.

Fetching from a remote repository is done by, unsurprisingly, git fetch:

$ git fetch <remote-repository>

One of the following transports can be used to name the repository to download from:

SSH remote.machine:/path/to/repo.git/ or

ssh://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/

This transport can be used for both uploading and downloading, and requires you to have a log-in privilege over ssh to the remote machine. It finds out the set of objects the other side lacks by exchanging the head commits both ends have and transfers (close to) minimum set of objects. It is by far the most efficient way to exchange Git objects between repositories.

Local directory /path/to/repo.git/

This transport is the same as SSH transport but uses sh to run both ends on the local machine instead of running other end on the remote machine via ssh.

Git Native git://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/

This transport was designed for anonymous downloading. Like SSH transport, it finds out the set of objects the downstream side lacks and transfers (close to) minimum set of objects.

HTTP(S) http://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/

Downloader from http and https URL first obtains the topmost commit object name from the remote site by looking at the specified refname under repo.git/refs/ directory, and then tries to obtain the commit object by downloading from repo.git/objects/xx/xxx... using the object name of that commit object. Then it reads the commit object to find out its parent commits and the associate tree object; it repeats this process until it gets all the necessary objects. Because of this behavior, they are sometimes also called commit walkers.

The commit walkers are sometimes also called dumb transports, because they do not require any Git aware smart server like Git Native transport does. Any stock HTTP server that does not even support directory index would suffice. But you must prepare your repository with git update-server-info to help dumb transport downloaders.

Once you fetch from the remote repository, you merge that with your current branch.

However — it's such a common thing to fetch and then immediately merge, that it's called git pull, and you can simply do

$ git pull <remote-repository>

and optionally give a branch-name for the remote end as a second argument.

Note You could do without using any branches at all, by keeping as many local repositories as you would like to have branches, and merging between them with git pull, just like you merge between branches. The advantage of this approach is that it lets you keep a set of files for each branch checked out and you may find it easier to switch back and forth if you juggle multiple lines of development simultaneously. Of course, you will pay the price of more disk usage to hold multiple working trees, but disk space is cheap these days.

It is likely that you will be pulling from the same remote repository from time to time. As a short hand, you can store the remote repository URL in the local repository's config file like this:

$ git config remote.linus.url http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/

and use the "linus" keyword with git pull instead of the full URL.

Examples.

1. git pull linus

2. git pull linus tag v0.99.1

the above are equivalent to:

1. git pull http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ HEAD

2. git pull http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ tag v0.99.1