)E level text
Add heading text text to the table of contents with level,
which is either 0 or in the range 1 to 7. See also .H.
This macro is used for customized tables of contents.
1C [1] Begin one-column processing. A 1 as an argument disables
the page break. Use wide footnotes, small footnotes may
be overprinted.
2C Begin two-column processing. Splits the page in two
columns. It is a special case of MC. See also 1C.
AE Abstract end, see AS.
AF [name-of-firm]
Author's firm, should be called before AU, see also COVER.
AL [type [text-indent [1]]]
Start auto-increment list. Items are numbered beginning
with one. The type argument controls the format of
numbers.
Arg Description
1 Arabic (the default)
A Upper-case letters (A–Z)
a Lower-case letters (a–z)
I Upper-case roman
i Lower-case roman
text-indent sets the indentation and overrides Li. A
third argument prohibits printing of a blank line before
each item.
APP name text
Begin an appendix with name name. Automatic naming occurs
if name is "". The appendices start with A if automatic
naming is used. A new page is ejected, and a header is
also produced if the register Aph is non-zero. This is
the default. The appendix always appears in the 'List of
contents' with correct page numbers. The name 'APPENDIX'
can be changed by setting the string App to the desired
text. The string Apptxt contains the current appendix
text.
APPSK name pages text
Same as .APP, but the page number is incremented with
pages. This is used when diagrams or other non-formatted
documents are included as appendices.
AS [arg [indent]]
Abstract start. Depending on the cover sheet macros used,
arg influences the placement of the abstract. The default
cover sheet style used when .COVER is called without
arguments (and .MT is not called at all) places the
abstract on the cover sheet and ignores arg.
The memorandum types interpret arg as follows.
[1marg[24m Placement
0 The abstract is printed on page 1 and on the cover
sheet if used in the released-paper style (MT 4);
otherwise, it is printed on page 1 without a cover
sheet.
1 The abstract is printed only on the cover sheet (MT
4 only).
An abstract is not printed at all in external letters (MT
5).
The indent parameter controls the indentation of both
margins; otherwise normal text indentation is used. Its
value is interpreted in ens by default.
AST [title]
Abstract title. Default is 'ABSTRACT'. Sets the text
above the abstract text.
AT title [...]
Author's title(s). If present, AT must appear just after
the corresponding author's AU. Each title shows up on a
separate output line after the name in the signature block
and in the ms cover sheet style.
AU [name [initials [loc [dept [ext [room [arg1 [arg2 [arg3]]]]]]]]]
Author information. Specifies the author of the memo or
paper, and is printed on the cover sheet and in other
similar places. AU must not appear before TL. The author
information can contain initials, location, department,
telephone extension, room number or name, and up to three
additional arguments.
AV [name [1]]
Approval signature. Generates an approval line with place
for signature and date. The text 'APPROVED:' can be
changed with the string Letapp; it is replaced with an
empty line if there is a second argument. The text 'Date'
can be changed with the string Letdate.
AVL [name]
Letter signature. Generates a line with place for
signature.
B [bold-text [previous-font-text]] ...
Join bold-text in boldface with previous-font-text in the
previous font, without space between the arguments. If no
arguments, switch font to bold style.
B1 Begin boxed, kept display. The text is indented one
character, and the right margin is one character shorter.
B2 End boxed, kept display.
BE End bottom block, see BS.
BI [bold-text [italic-text]] ...
Join bold-text in boldface with italic-text in italics,
without space between the arguments.
BL [text-indent [1]]
Start bullet list. Initializes a list with a bullet and a
space in the beginning of each list item (see LI). text-
indent overrides the default indentation of the list items
set by register Pi. A third argument prohibits printing
of a blank line before each item.
BR [bold-text [roman-text]] ...
Join bold-text in boldface with roman-text in roman style,
without space between the arguments.
BS Bottom block start. Begins the definition of a text block
which is printed at the bottom of each page. The block
ends with BE.
BVL text-indent [mark-indent [1]]
Start of broken variable-item list. Broken variable-item
list has no fixed mark, it assumes that every LI has a
mark instead. The text always begins at the next line
after the mark. text-indent sets the indentation to the
text, and mark-indent the distance from the current
indentation to the mark. A third argument prohibits
printing of a blank line before each item.
COVER [style]
Begin a cover sheet description. It is important that
.COVER appear before any of the body text (or main matter)
of a document. The argument style is used to construct
the file name
/usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/style.cov and load
it with the mso request. Therefore it is possible to
create unlimited types of cover sheets. The default style
is ms; it structures a cover sheet to resemble that used
by the ms package. .COVER requires a .COVEND at the end
of the cover description. Always use the following
ordering of the cover sheet macros.
.COVER
.TL
.AF
.AU
.AT
.AS
.AE
.COVEND
Only .TL and .AU are required.
COVEND End the cover description and output the cover page. This
macro is defined in the cover sheet macro file.
DE Display end. Ends a block of text or display that begins
with DS or DF.
DF [format [fill [rindent]]]
Begin floating display (no nesting allowed). A floating
display is saved in a queue and is printed in the order
entered. Format, fill, and rindent are the same as in DS.
Floating displays are controlled by the registers De and
Df.
De register
0 Nothing special, this is the default.
1 A page eject occurs after each printed display,
giving only one display per page and no text
following it.
Df register
0 Displays are printed at the end of each section
(when section-page numbering is active) or at
the end of the document.
1 A new display is printed on the current page if
there is enough space, otherwise it is printed
at the end of the document.
2 One display is printed at the top of each page
or column (in multi-column mode).
3 Print one display if there is enough space for
it, otherwise it is printed at the top of the
next page or column.
4 Print as many displays as possible in a new
page or column. A page break occurs between
each display if De is not zero.
5 Fill the current page with displays and the
rest beginning at a new page or column. (This
is the default.) A page break occurs between
each display if De is not zero.
DL [text-indent [1 [1]]]
Dash list start. Begins a list where each item is printed
after a dash. text-indent changes the default indentation
of the list items set by register Pi. A second argument
prevents an empty line between each list item. See LI. A
third argument prohibits printing of a blank line before
each item.
DS [format [fill [rindent]]]
Static display start. Begins collection of text until DE.
The text is printed together on the same page, unless it
is longer than the height of the page. DS can be nested
arbitrarily.
format
"" No indentation.
none No indentation.
L No indentation.
I Indent text with the value of register Si.
C Center each line.
CB Center the whole display as a block.
R Right-adjust the lines.
RB Right-adjust the whole display as a block.
The values 'L', 'I', 'C', and 'CB' can also be specified
as '0', '1', '2', and '3', respectively, for compatibility
reasons.
fill
"" Line-filling turned off.
none Line-filling turned off.
N Line-filling turned off.
F Line-filling turned on.
'N' and 'F' can also be specified as '0' and '1',
respectively.
By default, an empty line is printed before and after the
display. Setting register Ds to 0 prevents this. rindent
shortens the line length by that amount.
EC [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Equation title. Sets a title for an equation. The
override argument changes the numbering.
flag
none override is a prefix to the number.
0 override is a prefix to the number.
1 override is a suffix to the number.
2 override replaces the number.
EC uses the register Ec as a counter. It is possible to
use .af to change the format of the number. If register
Of is 1, the format of title uses a dash instead of a dot
after the number.
The string Le controls the title of the List of Equations;
default is 'LIST OF EQUATIONS'. The List of Equations is
printed only if register Le is 1. The default is 0. The
string Liec contains the word 'Equation', which is printed
before the number. If refname is used, then the equation
number is saved with .SETR, and can be retrieved with
'.GETST refname'.
Special handling of the title occurs if EC is used inside
DS/DE; it is not affected by the format of DS.
EF [arg]
Even-page footer, printed just above the normal page
footer on even pages. See PF.
This macro defines string EOPef.
EH [arg]
Even-page header, printed just below the normal page
header on even pages. See PH.
This macro defines string TPeh.
EN Equation end, see EQ.
EOP End-of-page user-defined macro. This macro is called
instead of the normal printing of the footer. The macro
is executed in a separate environment, without any trap
active. See TP.
Strings available to EOP
EOPf argument of PF
EOPef argument of EF
EOPof argument of OF
EPIC [-L] width height [name]
Draw a box with the given width and height. It also
prints the text name or a default string if name is not
specified. This is used to include external pictures;
just give the size of the picture. -L left-aligns the
picture; the default is to center. See PIC.
EQ [label]
Equation start. EQ/EN are the delimiters for equations
written for eqn(1). EQ/EN must be inside of a DS/DE pair,
except if EQ is used to set options for eqn only. The
label argument appears at the right margin of the
equation, centered vertically within the DS/DE block,
unless register Eq is 1. Then the label appears at the
left margin.
If there are multiple EQ/EN blocks within a single DS/DE
pair, only the last equation label (if any) is printed.
EX [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Exhibit title. The arguments are the same as for EC. EX
uses the register Ex as a counter. The string Lx controls
the title of the List of Exhibits; default is 'LIST OF
EXHIBITS'. The List of Exhibits is printed only if
register Lx is 1, which is the default. The string Liex
contains the word 'Exhibit', which is printed before the
number. If refname is used, the exhibit number is saved
with .SETR, and can be retrieved with '.GETST refname'.
Special handling of the title occurs if EX is used inside
DS/DE; it is not affected by the format of DS.
FC [closing]
Print 'Yours very truly,' as a formal closing of a letter
or memorandum. The argument replaces the default string.
The default is stored in the string Letfc.
FD [arg [1]]
Footnote default format. Controls the hyphenation
(hyphen), adjustment to the right margin (adjust), and
indentation of footnote text (indent). It can also change
the label justification (ljust).
arg hyphen adjust indent ljust
0 no yes yes left
1 yes yes yes left
2 no no yes left
3 yes no yes left
4 no yes no left
5 yes yes no left
6 no no no left
7 yes no no left
8 no yes yes right
9 yes yes yes right
10 no no yes right
11 yes no yes right
An argument greater than or equal to 11 is considered as
value 0. The default for mm is 10.
FE Footnote end.
FG [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Figure title. The arguments are the same as for EC. FG
uses the register Fg as a counter. The string Lf controls
the title of the List of Figures; default is 'LIST OF
FIGURES'. The List of Figures is printed only if register
Lf is 1, which is the default. The string Lifg contains
the word 'Figure', which is printed before the number. If
refname is used, then the figure number is saved with
.SETR, and can be retrieved with '.GETST refname'.
Special handling of the title occurs if FG is used inside
DS/DE, it is not affected by the format of DS.
FS [label]
Footnote start. The footnote is ended by FE. By default,
footnotes are automatically numbered; the number is
available in string F. Just add \*F in the text. By
adding label, it is possible to have other number or names
on the footnotes. Footnotes in displays are now possible.
An empty line separates footnotes; the height of the line
is controlled by register Fs, default value is 1.
GETHN refname [varname]
Include the header number where the corresponding '.SETR
refname' was placed. This is displayed as 'X.X.X.' in
pass 1. See INITR. If varname is used, GETHN sets the
string varname to the header number.
GETPN refname [varname]
Include the page number where the corresponding '.SETR
refname' was placed. This is displayed as '9999' in
pass 1. See INITR. If varname is used, GETPN sets the
string varname to the page number.
GETR refname
Combine GETHN and GETPN with the text 'chapter' and
', page'. The string Qrf contains the text for the cross
reference:
.ds Qrf See chapter \\*[Qrfh], page \\*[Qrfp].
Qrf may be changed to support other languages. Strings
Qrfh and Qrfp are set by GETR and contain the page and
header number, respectively.
GETST refname [varname]
Include the string saved with the second argument to
.SETR. This is a dummy string in pass 1. If varname is
used, GETST sets it to the saved string. See INITR.
H level [heading-text [heading-suffix]]
Numbered section heading. Section headers can have a
level between 1 and 14; level 1 is the top level. The
text is given in heading-text, and must be surrounded by
double quotes if it contains spaces. heading-suffix is
added to the header in the text but not in the table of
contents. This is normally used for footnote marks and
similar things. Don't use \*F in heading-suffix, it
doesn't work. A manual label must be used, see FS.
A call to the paragraph macro P directly after H is
ignored. H takes care of spacing and indentation.
Page ejection before heading
Register Ej controls page ejection before the
heading. By default, a level-one heading gets two
blank lines before it; higher levels only get one.
A new page is ejected before each first-level
heading if register Ej is 1. All levels below or
equal the value of Ej get a new page. Default
value for Ej is 0.
Heading break level
A line break occurs after the heading if the
heading level is less or equal to register Hb.
Default value is 2.
Heading space level
A blank line is inserted after the heading if the
heading level is less or equal to register Hs.
Default value is 2.
Text follows the heading on the same line if the
level is greater than both Hb and Hs.
Post-heading indent
Indentation of the text after the heading is
controlled by register Hi. Default value is 0.
Hi
0 The text is left-justified.
1 Indentation of the text follows the value of
register Pt , see P.
2 The text is lined up with the first word of the
heading.
Centered section headings
All headings whose level is equal or below register
Hc and also less than or equal to Hb or Hs are
centered.
Font control of the heading
The font of each heading level is controlled by
string HF. It contains a font number or font name
for each level. Default value is
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(all headings in italic). This could also be
written as
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Note that some other implementations use
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 as the default value. All omitted
values are presumed to have value 1.
Point size control
String HP controls the point size of each heading,
in the same way as HF controls the font. A value
of 0 selects the default point size. Default value
is
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beware that only the point size changes, not the
vertical size. The latter can be controlled by the
user-specified macros HX and/or HZ.
Heading counters
Fourteen registers named H1 up to H14 contain the
counter for each heading level. The values are
printed using Arabic numerals; this can be changed
with the macro HM (see below). All marks are
concatenated before printing. To avoid this, set
register Ht to 1. This only prints the current
heading counter at each heading.
Automatic table of contents
All headings whose level is equal or below register
Cl are saved to be printed in the table of
contents. Default value is 2.
Special control of the heading, user-defined macros
The following macros can be defined by the user to
get a finer control of vertical spacing, fonts, or
other features. Argument level is the level-
argument to H, but 0 for unnumbered headings (see
HU). Argument rlevel is the real level; it is set
to register Hu for unnumbered headings. Argument
heading-text is the text argument to H and HU.
HX level rlevel heading-text
This macro is called just before the
printing of the heading. The following
registers are available for HX. Note that
HX may alter }0, }2, and ;3.
}0 (string)
Contains the heading mark plus two
spaces if rlevel is non-zero,
otherwise empty.
;0 (register)
Contains the position of the text
after the heading. 0 means that the
text should follow the heading on the
same line, 1 means that a line break
should occur before the text, and
2 means that a blank line should
separate the heading and the text.
}2 (string)
Contains two spaces if register ;0
is 0. It is used to separate the
heading from the text. The string is
empty if ;0 is non-zero.
;3 (register)
Contains the needed space in units
after the heading. Default is 2v.
Can be used to change things like
numbering (}0), vertical spacing
(}2), and the needed space after the
heading.
HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
This macro is called after size and font
calculations and might be used to change
indentation.
HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
This macro is called after the printing of
the heading, just before H or HU exits. Can
be used to change the page header according
to the section heading.
HC [hyphenation-character]
Set hyphenation character. Default value is '\%'. Resets
to the default if called without argument. Hyphenation
can be turned off by setting register Hy to 0 at the
beginning of the file.
HM [arg1 [arg2 [... [arg14]]]]
Heading mark style. Controls the type of marking for
printing of the heading counters. Default is 1 for all
levels.
Argument
1 Arabic numerals.
0001 Arabic numerals with leading zeroes, one or more.
A upper-case alphabetic
a lower-case alphabetic
I upper-case roman numerals
i lower-case roman numerals
"" Arabic numerals.
HU heading-text
Unnumbered section header. HU behaves like H at the level
in register Hu. See H.
HX dlevel rlevel heading-text
User-defined heading exit. Called just before printing
the header. See H.
HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
User-defined heading exit. Called just before printing
the header. See H.
HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
User-defined heading exit. Called just after printing the
header. See H.
I [italic-text [previous-font-text]] ...
Join italic-text in italics with previous-font-text in the
previous font, without space between the arguments. If no
arguments, switch font to italic style.
IA [addressee-name [title]]
Begin specification of the addressee and addressee's
address in letter style. Several names can be specified
with empty IA/IE-pairs, but only one address. See LT.
IB [italic-text [bold-text]] ...
Join italic-text in italics with bold-text in boldface,
without space between the arguments.
IE End the address specification after IA.
INITI type filename [macro]
Initialize the new index system and set the filename to
collect index lines in with IND. Argument type selects
the type of index: page number, header marks or both. The
default is page numbers.
It is also possible to create a macro that is responsible
for formatting each row; just add the name of the macro as
a third argument. The macro is then called with the index
as argument(s).
type
N Page numbers
H Header marks
B Both page numbers and header marks, separated with a
tab character.
INITR filename
Initialize the cross reference macros. Cross references
are written to stderr and are supposed to be redirected
into file filename.qrf. Requires two passes with groff;
this is handled by a separate program called mmroff(1).
This program exists because groff(1) by default
deactivates the unsafe operations that are required by
INITR. The first pass looks for cross references, and the
second one includes them. INITR can be used several
times, but it is only the first occurrence of INITR that
is active.
See also SETR, GETPN, and GETHN.
IND arg1 [arg2 [...]]
Write a line in the index file selected by INITI with all
arguments and the page number or header mark separated by
tabs.
Examples
arg1\tpage number
arg1\targ2\tpage number
arg1\theader mark
arg1\tpage number\theader mark
INDP Print the index by running the command specified by the
string Indcmd, which has 'sort -t\t' as the default value.
INDP reads the output from the command to form the index,
by default in two columns (this can be changed by defining
TYIND). The index is printed with the string Index as
header; the default is 'INDEX'. One-column processing is
reactivated after the list. INDP calls the user-defined
macros TXIND, TYIND, and TZIND if defined. TXIND is
called before printing the string 'INDEX', TYIND is called
instead of printing 'INDEX', and TZIND is called after the
printing and should take care of restoring to normal
operation again.
IR [italic-text [roman-text]] ...
Join italic-text in italics with roman-text in roman
style, without space between the arguments.
ISODATE [0]
Use ISO 8601 format for the date string DT used by some
cover sheet and memorandum types; that is, YYYY-MM-DD.
Must be called before ND to be effective. If given an
argument of 0, the traditional date format for the groff
locale is used; this is also the default.
LB text-indent mark-indent pad type [mark [LI-space [LB-space]]]
List-begin macro. This is the common macro used for all
lists. text-indent is the number of spaces to indent the
text from the current indentation.
pad and mark-indent control where to put the mark. The
mark is placed within the mark area, and mark-indent sets
the number of spaces before this area. By default it
is 0. The mark area ends where the text begins. The
start of the text is still controlled by text-indent.
The mark is left-justified within the mark area if pad
is 0. If pad is greater than 0, mark-indent is ignored,
and the mark is placed pad spaces before the text. This
right-justifies the mark.
If type is 0 the list either has a hanging indentation or,
if argument mark is given, the string mark as a mark.
If type is greater than 0 automatic numbering occurs,
using arabic numbers if mark is empty. mark can then be
any of '1', 'A', 'a', 'I', or 'i'.
type selects one of six possible ways to display the mark.
type
1 x.
2 x)
3 (x)
4 [x]
5 <x>
6 {x}
Every item in the list gets LI-space number of blank lines
before them. Default is 1.
LB itself prints LB-space blank lines. Default is 0.
LC [list-level]
List-status clear. Terminates all current active lists
down to list-level, or 0 if no argument is given. This is
used by H to clear any active list.
LE [1] List end. Terminates the current list. LE outputs a
blank line if an argument is given.
LI [mark [1|2]]
List item preceding every item in a list. Without
argument, LI prints the mark determined by the current
list type. By giving LI one argument, it uses that as the
mark instead. Two arguments to LI makes mark a prefix to
the current mark. There is no separating space between
the prefix and the mark if the second argument is '2'
instead of '1'. This behaviour can also be achieved by
setting register Limsp to zero. A zero length mark makes
a hanging indentation instead.
A blank line is printed before the list item by default.
This behaviour can be controlled by register Ls. Pre-
spacing occurs for each list level less than or equal to
Ls. Default value is 99. There is no nesting limit.
The indentation can be changed through register Li.
Default is 6.
All lists begin with a list initialization macro, LB.
There are, however, seven predefined list types to make
lists easier to use. They all call LB with different
default values.
AL Automatically Incremented List
ML Marked List
VL Variable-Item List
BL Bullet List
DL Dash List
RL Reference List
BVL Broken Variable List.
These lists are described at other places in this manual.
See also LB.
LT [arg]
Format a letter in one of four different styles depending
on the argument. Also see section 'Internals' below.
Arg Style
BL Blocked. Date line, return address, writer's
address and closing begins at the center of
the line. All other lines begin at the left
margin.
SB Semi-blocked. Same as blocked, except that
the first line in every paragraph is indented
five spaces.
FB Full-blocked. All lines begin at the left
margin.
SP Simplified. As full-blocked, but the
salutation is replaced by a fully-capitalized
subject, any formal closing is omitted, and
the author's signature is presented on a
single line in full capitals.
LO type [arg]
Specify options in letter (see .LT). This is a list of
the standard options:
CN Confidential notation. Prints 'CONFIDENTIAL'
on the second line below the date line. Any
argument replaces 'CONFIDENTIAL'. See also
string LetCN.
RN Reference notation. Prints 'In reference to:'
and the argument two lines below the date
line. See also string LetRN.
AT Attention. Prints 'ATTENTION:' and the
argument below the inside address. See also
string LetAT.
SA Salutation. Prints 'To Whom It May Concern:'
or the argument if it was present. The
salutation is printed two lines below the
inside address. See also string LetSA.
SJ Subject line. Prints the argument as subject
prefixed with 'SUBJECT:' two lines below the
inside address, except in letter type 'SP',
where the subject is printed in all-capital
without any prefix. See also string LetSJ.
MC column-size [column-separation]
Begin multiple columns. Return to normal with 1C. MC
creates as many columns as the current line length
permits. column-size is the width of each column, and
column-separation is the space between two columns.
Default separation is column-size/15. See also 1C.
ML mark [text-indent [1]]
Marked list start. The mark argument is printed before
each list item. text-indent sets the indent and overrides
Li. A third argument prohibits printing of a blank line
before each item.
MT [number [addressee]]
Memorandum type. The argument number is used to construct
the file name
/usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/number.MT and load
it with the mso request. Memorandum types 0 to 5 are
supported; any other value of number is mapped to type 6.
If number is omitted, 0 is implied. addressee sets a
string analogous to one used by AT&T cover sheet macros
that are not implemented in groff mm.
0 Normal memorandum, no type printed.
1 Memorandum with 'MEMORANDUM FOR FILE' printed.
2 Memorandum with 'PROGRAMMER'S NOTES' printed.
3 Memorandum with 'ENGINEER'S NOTES' printed.
4 Released paper style.
5 External letter style.
See also COVER/COVEND, a more flexible type of cover page.
MOVE y-pos [x-pos [line-length]]
Move to a position, setting page offset to x-pos. If
line-length is not given, the difference between current
and new page offset is used. Use PGFORM without arguments
to return to normal.
MULB cw1 space1 [cw2 space2 [cw3 ...]]
Begin a special multi-column mode. All columns widths
must be specified. The space between the columns must be
specified also. The last column does not need any space
definition. MULB starts a diversion, and MULE ends the
diversion and prints the columns. The unit for the width
and space arguments is 'n', but MULB accepts all normal
unit specifications like 'c' and 'i'. MULB operates in a
separate environment.
MULN Begin the next column. This is the only way to switch the
column.
MULE End the multi-column mode and print the columns.
nP [type]
Print numbered paragraph with header level two. See .P.
NCOL Force printing to the next column. Don't use this
together with the MUL* macros, see 2C.
NS [arg [1]]
Print different types of notations. The argument selects
between the predefined type of notations. If the second
argument is available, then the argument becomes the
entire notation. If the argument doesn't select a
predefined type, it is printed as 'Copy (arg) to'. It is
possible to add more standard notations; see the strings
Letns and Letnsdef.
Arg Notation
none Copy To
"" Copy To
1 Copy To (with att.) to
2 Copy To (without att.) to
3 Att.
4 Atts.
5 Enc.
6 Encs.
7 Under separate cover
8 Letter to
9 Memorandum to
10 Copy (with atts.) to
11 Copy (without atts.) to
12 Abstract Only to
13 Complete Memorandum to
14 CC
ND new-date
New date. Overrides the current date. Date is not
printed if new-date is an empty string.
OF [arg]
Odd-page footer, a line printed just above the normal
footer. See EF and PF.
This macro defines string EOPof.
OH [arg]
Odd-page header, a line printed just below the normal
header. See EH and PH.
This macro defines string TPoh.
OP Make sure that the following text is printed at the top of
an odd-numbered page. Does not output an empty page if
currently at the top of an odd page.
P [type]
Begin new paragraph. P without argument produces
left-justified text, even the first line of the paragraph.
This is the same as setting type to 0. If the argument
is 1, the first line of text following P is indented by
the number of spaces in register Pi, by default 5.
Instead of giving an argument to P it is possible to set
the paragraph type in register Pt. Using 0 and 1 is the
same as adding that value to P. A value of 2 indents all
paragraphs, except after headings, lists, and displays
(this value can't be used as an argument to P itself).
The space between two paragraphs is controlled by register
Ps, and is 1 by default (one blank line).
PGFORM [linelength [pagelength [pageoffset [1]]]]
Set line length, page length, and/or page offset. This
macro can be used for special formatting, like letter
heads and other. It is normally the first macro call in a
file, though it is not necessary. PGFORM can be used
without arguments to reset everything after a MOVE call.
A line break is done unless the fourth argument is given.
This can be used to avoid the page number on the first
page while setting new width and length. (It seems as if
this macro sometimes doesn't work too well. Use the
command-line arguments to change line length, page length,
and page offset instead.)
PGNH No header is printed on the next page. Used to get rid of
the header in letters or other special texts. This macro
must be used before any text to inhibit the page header on
the first page.
PIC [-B] [-L] [-C] [-R] [-I n] filename [width [height]]
Include a PostScript file in the document. The macro
depends on mmroff(1) and INITR. The arguments -L, -C, -R,
and -I n adjust the picture or indent it. With no flag
the picture is adjusted to the left. Adding -B draws a
box around the picture. The optional width and height can
also be given to resize the picture.
PE Picture end. Ends a picture for pic(1).
PF [arg]
Page footer. PF sets the line to be printed at the bottom
of each page. Empty by default. See PH for the argument
specification.
This macro defines string EOPf.
PH [arg]
Page header, a line printed at the top of each page. The
argument should be specified as
"'left-part'center-part'right-part'"
where left-part, center-part, and right-part are printed
left-justified, centered, and right justified,
respectively. Within the argument to PH, the character
'%' is changed to the current page number. The default
argument is
"''- % -''"
which gives the page number between two dashes.
This macro defines string TPh.
PS Picture start (from pic). Begins a picture for pic(1).
PX Page header user-defined exit. This macro is called just
after the printing of the page header in no-space mode.
R [roman-text [previous-font-text]] ...
Join roman-text in roman style with previous-font-text in
the previous font, without space between the arguments.
If no arguments, switch font to roman style.
RB [roman-text [bold-text]] ...
Join roman-text in roman style with bold-text in boldface,
without space between the arguments.
RD [prompt [diversion [string]]]
Read from standard input to diversion and/or string. The
text is saved in a diversion named diversion. Recall the
text by writing the name of the diversion after a dot on
an empty line. A string is also defined if string is
given. Diversion and/or prompt can be empty ("").
RF Reference end. Ends a reference definition and returns to
normal processing. See RS.
RI [roman-text [italic-text]] ...
Join roman-text in roman style with italic-text in
italics, without space between the arguments.
RL [text-indent[1]]
Reference list start. Begins a list where each item is
preceded with an automatically incremented number between
square brackets. text-indent changes the default
indentation.
RP [arg1 [arg2]]
Produce reference page. This macro can be used if a
reference page is wanted somewhere in the document. It is
not needed if TC is used to produce a table of contents.
The reference page is then printed automatically.
The reference counter is not reset if arg1 is 1.
arg2 tells RP whether to eject a page or not.
arg2
0 The reference page is printed on a separate page.
1 Do not eject page after the list.
2 Do not eject page before the list.
3 Do not eject page before and after the list.
The reference items are separated by a blank line.
Setting register Ls to 0 suppresses the line.
The string Rp contains the reference page title and is set
to 'REFERENCES' by default. The register Rpe holds the
default value for the second argument of RP; it is
initially set to 0.
RS [string-name]
Begin an automatically numbered reference definition. Put
the string \*(Rf where the reference mark should be and
write the reference between RS/RF at next new line after
the reference mark. The reference number is stored in
register :R. If string-name is given, a string with that
name is defined and contains the current reference mark.
The string can be referenced as \*[string-name] later in
the text.
S [size [spacing]]
Set point size and vertical spacing. If any argument is
equal to 'P', the previous value is used. A 'C' means the
current value, and 'D' the default value. If '+' or '-'
is used before the value, the current value is incremented
or decremented, respectively.
SA [arg]
Set right-margin justification. Justification is turned
on by default. No argument or value '0' turns off
justification, and '1' turns on justification.
SETR refname [string]
Remember the current header and page number as refname.
Saves string if string is defined. string is retrieved
with .GETST. See INITR.
SG [arg [1]]
Signature line. Prints the authors name(s) after the
formal closing. The argument is appended to the reference
data, printed at either the first or last author. The
reference data is the location, department, and initials
specified with .AU. It is printed at the first author if
the second argument is given, otherwise at the last. No
reference data is printed if the author(s) is specified
through .WA/.WE. See section 'Internals' below.
SK [pages]
Skip pages. If pages is 0 or omitted, a skip to the next
page occurs unless it is already at the top of a page.
Otherwise it skips pages pages.
SM string1 [string2 [string3]]
Make a string smaller. If string2 is given, string1 is
made smaller and string2 stays at normal size,
concatenated with string1. With three arguments,
everything is concatenated, but only string2 is made
smaller.
SP [lines]
Space vertically. lines can have any scaling factor, like
'3i' or '8v'. Several SP calls in a line only produces
the maximum number of lines, not the sum. SP is ignored
also until the first text line in a page. Add \& before a
call to SP to avoid this.
TAB Reset tabs to every 5n. Normally used to reset any
previous tab positions.
TB [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Table title. The arguments are the same as for EC. TB
uses the register Tb as a counter. The string Lt controls
the title of the List of Tables; default value is 'LIST OF
TABLES'. The List of Tables is printed only if register
Lt is 1, which is the default. The string Litb contains
the word 'TABLE', which is printed before the number.
Special handling of the title occurs if TB is used inside
DS/DE, it is not affected by the format of DS.
TC [slevel [spacing [tlevel [tab [h1 [h2 [h3 [h4 [h5]]]]]]]]]
Table of contents. This macro is normally used as the
last line of the document. It generates a table of
contents with headings up to the level controlled by
register Cl. Note that Cl controls the saving of
headings, it has nothing to do with TC. Headings with a
level less than or equal to slevel get spacing number of
lines before them. Headings with a level less than or
equal to tlevel have their page numbers right-justified
with dots or spaces separating the text and the page
number. Spaces are used if tab is greater than zero, dots
otherwise. Other headings have the page number directly
at the end of the heading text (ragged-right).
The rest of the arguments is printed, centered, before the
table of contents.
The user-defined macros TX and TY are used if TC is called
with at most four arguments. TX is called before the
printing of the string 'CONTENTS', and TY is called
instead of printing 'CONTENTS'.
Equivalent macros can be defined for list of figures,
tables, equations and exhibits by defining TXxx or TYxx,
where xx is 'Fg', 'TB', 'EC', or 'EX', respectively.
String Ci can be set to control the indentations for each
heading-level. It must be scaled, like
.ds Ci .25i .5i .75i 1i 1i
By default, the indentation is controlled by the maximum
length of headings in each level.
The strings Lifg, Litb, Liex, Liec, and Licon contain
'Figure', 'TABLE', 'Exhibit', 'Equation', and 'CONTENTS',
respectively. These can be redefined to other languages.
TE Table end. See TS.
TH [N] Table header. See TS. TH ends the header of the table.
This header is printed again if a page break occurs.
Argument 'N' isn't implemented yet.
TL [charging-case-number [filing-case-number]]
Begin title of memorandum. All text up to the next AU is
included in the title. charging-case-number and filing-
case-number are saved for use in the front page
processing.
TM [num1 [num2 [...]]]
Technical memorandum numbers used in .MT. An unlimited
number of arguments may be given.
TP Top-of-page user-defined macro. This macro is called
instead of the normal page header. It is possible to get
complete control over the header. Note that the header
and the footer are printed in a separate environment.
Line length is preserved, though. See EOP.
strings available to TP
TPh argument of PH
TPeh argument of EH
TPoh argument of OH
TS [H] Table start. This is the start of a table specification
to tbl(1). TS ends with TE. Argument 'H' tells mm that
the table has a header. See TH.
TX User-defined table of contents exit. This macro is called
just before TC prints the word 'CONTENTS'. See TC.
TY User-defined table of contents exit. This macro is called
instead of printing 'CONTENTS'. See TC.
VERBON [flag [point-size [font]]]
Begin verbatim output using Courier font. Usually for
printing programs. All characters have equal width. The
point size can be changed with the second argument. By
specifying a third argument it is possible to use another
font instead of Courier. flag controls several special
features. Its value is the sum of all wanted features.
Arg Description
1 Disable the escape character (\). This is
normally turned on during verbose output.
2 Add an empty line before the verbose text.
4 Add an empty line after the verbose text.
8 Print the verbose text with numbered lines.
This adds four digit-sized spaces in the
beginning of each line. Finer control is
available through the string Verbnm. It
contains all arguments to the troff(1)
command .nm, normally '1'.
16 Indent the verbose text by '5n'. This is
controlled by the register Verbin (in units).
VERBOFF
End verbatim output.
VL text-indent [mark-indent [1]]
Variable-item list. It has no fixed mark, it assumes that
every LI has a mark instead. text-indent sets the indent
to the text, and mark-indent the distance from the current
indentation to the mark. A third argument prohibits
printing of a blank line before each item.
VM [-T] [top [bottom]]
Vertical margin. Increase the top and bottom margin by
top and bottom, respectively. If option -T is specified,
set those margins to top and bottom. If no argument is
given, reset the margin to zero, or to the default ('7v
5v') if -T is used. It is highly recommended that macros
TP and/or EOP are defined if using -T and setting top
and/or bottom margin to less than the default.
WA [writer-name [title]]
Begin specification of the writer and writer's address.
Several names can be specified with empty WA/WE pairs, but
only one address.
WE End the address specification after .WA.
WC [format1] [format2] [...]
Footnote and display width control.
N Set default mode which is equal to using the options
-WF, -FF, -WD, and FB.
WF Wide footnotes, wide also in two-column mode.
-WF Normal footnote width, follow column mode.
FF All footnotes gets the same width as the first
footnote encountered.
-FF Normal footnotes, width follows WF and -WF.
WD Wide displays, wide also in two-column mode.
-WD Normal display width, follow column mode.
FB Floating displays generates a line break when
printed on the current page.
-FB Floating displays does not generate line break.
