systemd-analyze may be used to determine system boot-up
performance statistics and retrieve other state and tracing
information from the system and service manager, and to verify
the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access special
functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.
If no command is passed, systemd-analyze time is implied.
systemd-analyze time
This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace
has been reached, the time spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd)
before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time
normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these
measurements simply measure the time passed up to the point where
all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until
they fully finished initialization or the disk is idle.
Example 1. Show how long the boot took
# in a container
$ systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace
# on a real machine
$ systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace
systemd-analyze blame
This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the
time they took to initialize. This information may be used to
optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading
as the initialization of one service might be slow simply because
it waits for the initialization of another service to complete.
Also note: systemd-analyze blame doesn't display results for
services with Type=simple, because systemd considers such
services to be started immediately, hence no measurement of the
initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command
only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show
how long unit jobs spent in the execution queue. In particular it
shows the time units spent in "activating" state, which is not
defined for units such as device units that transition directly
from "inactive" to "active". This command hence gives an
impression of the performance of program code, but cannot
accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for hardware and
similar events.
Example 2. Show which units took the most time during boot
$ systemd-analyze blame
32.875s pmlogger.service
20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
13.299s dev-vda1.device
...
23ms sysroot.mount
11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
systemd-analyze critical-chain [UNIT...]
This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units
(for each of the specified UNITs or for the default target
otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started is
printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start
is printed after the "+" character. Note that the output might be
misleading as the initialization of services might depend on
socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units.
Also, similar to the blame command, this only takes into account
the time units spent in "activating" state, and hence does not
cover units that never went through an "activating" state (such
as device units that transition directly from "inactive" to
"active"). Moreover it does not show information on jobs (and in
particular not jobs that timed out).
Example 3. systemd-analyze critical-chain
$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
multi-user.target @47.820s
└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
└─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
└─network-online.target @33.712s
└─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
└─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
└─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
└─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
└─systemd-journald.socket
└─system.slice
└─-.slice
systemd-analyze dump
This command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable
serialization of the complete server state. Its format is subject
to change without notice and should not be parsed by
applications.
Example 4. Show the internal state of user manager
$ systemd-analyze --user dump
Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
Description: /proc/timer_list
...
-> Unit default.target:
Description: Main user target
...
systemd-analyze plot
This command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system
services have been started at what time, highlighting the time
they spent on initialization.
Example 5. Plot a bootchart
$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
$ eog bootup.svg&
systemd-analyze dot [pattern...]
This command generates textual dependency graph description in
dot format for further processing with the GraphViz dot(1) tool.
Use a command line like systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg
>systemd.svg to generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless
--order or --require is passed, the generated graph will show
both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern
globbing style specifications (e.g. *.target) may be given at
the end. A unit dependency is included in the graph if any of
these patterns match either the origin or destination node.
Example 6. Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts
with "avahi-daemon"
$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
$ eog avahi.svg
Example 7. Plot the dependencies between all known target units
$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
| dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
$ eog targets.svg
systemd-analyze unit-paths
This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit
files, .d overrides, and .wants, .requires symlinks may be
loaded. Combine with --user to retrieve the list for the user
manager instance, and --global for the global configuration of
user manager instances.
Example 8. Show all paths for generated units
$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'
/run/systemd/system.control
/run/systemd/transient
/run/systemd/generator.early
/run/systemd/system
/run/systemd/system.attached
/run/systemd/generator
/run/systemd/generator.late
Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into
systemd-analyze itself, and does not communicate with the running
manager. Use
systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value
to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty
directories omitted.
systemd-analyze exit-status [STATUS...]
This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their
"class", i.e. the source of the definition (one of "glibc",
"systemd", "LSB", or "BSD"), see the Process Exit Codes section
in systemd.exec(5). If no additional arguments are specified, all
known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the definitions for the
specified codes are shown.
Example 9. Show some example exit status names
$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
NAME STATUS CLASS
SUCCESS 0 glibc
FAILURE 1 glibc
- 63 -
USAGE 64 BSD
DATAERR 65 BSD
systemd-analyze capability [CAPABILITY...]
This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their
numeric IDs. See capabilities(7) for details. If no argument is
specified the full list of capabilities known to the service
manager and the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the
kernel but not known to the service manager are shown as
"cap_???". Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer
to specific cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only
the indicated capabilities are shown in the table.
Example 10. Show some example capability names
$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
NAME NUMBER
cap_chown 0
cap_dac_override 1
cap_audit_control 30
cap_setfcap 31
cap_mac_override 32
systemd-analyze condition CONDITION...
This command will evaluate Condition*=... and Assert*=...
assignments, and print their values, and the resulting value of
the combined condition set. See systemd.unit(5) for a list of
available conditions and asserts.
Example 11. Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions
$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \
'ConditionACPower=|false' \
'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
Asserts succeeded.
test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
Conditions succeeded.
systemd-analyze syscall-filter [SET...]
This command will list system calls contained in the specified
system call set SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified.
Argument SET must include the "@" prefix.
systemd-analyze calendar EXPRESSION...
This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time
events, and will calculate when they elapse next. This takes the
same input as the OnCalendar= setting in systemd.timer(5),
following the syntax described in systemd.time(7). By default,
only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown;
use --iterations= to show the specified number of next times the
expression elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a
timestamp, see the timestamp verb below.
Example 12. Show leap days in the near future
$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 11 months 15 days left
Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 4 years 11 months left
Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 8 years 11 months left
Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 12 years 11 months left
Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 16 years 11 months left
systemd-analyze timestamp TIMESTAMP...
This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and
outputs the normalized form and the difference between this
timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax
documented in systemd.time(7), section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".
Example 13. Show parsing of timestamps
$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
Original form: yesterday
Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
(in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
UNIX seconds: @15583032000
From now: 1 day 9h ago
Original form: now
Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
From now: 43us ago
Original form: tomorrow
Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
UNIX seconds: @15584760000
From now: 14h left
systemd-analyze timespan EXPRESSION...
This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two
timestamps) and outputs the normalized form and the equivalent
value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax
documented in systemd.time(7), section "PARSING TIME SPANS".
Values without units are parsed as seconds.
Example 14. Show parsing of timespans
$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
Original: 1s
μs: 1000000
Human: 1s
Original: 300s
μs: 300000000
Human: 5min
Original: 1year 0.000001s
μs: 31557600000001
Human: 1y 1us
systemd-analyze cat-config NAME|PATH...
This command is similar to systemctl cat, but operates on config
files. It will copy the contents of a config file and any
drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd set of
directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be
either an absolute path including the prefix (such as
/etc/systemd/logind.conf or /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf), or a
name relative to the prefix (such as systemd/logind.conf).
Example 15. Showing logind configuration
$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf
...
[Login]
NAutoVTs=8
...
# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
... some override from another package
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
... some administrator override
systemd-analyze verify FILE...
This command will load unit files and print warnings if any
errors are detected. Files specified on the command line will be
loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full
unit search path is formed by combining the directories for all
command line arguments, and the usual unit load paths. The
variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to
replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see
systemd.unit(5). All units files present in the directories
containing the command line arguments will be used in preference
to the other paths.
The following errors are currently detected:
• unknown sections and directives,
• missing dependencies which are required to start the given
unit,
• man pages listed in Documentation= which are not found in the
system,
• commands listed in ExecStart= and similar which are not found
in the system or not executable.
Example 16. Misspelt directives
$ cat ./user.slice
[Unit]
WhatIsThis=11
Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
Requires=different.service
[Service]
Description=x
$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
Unit different.service failed to load:
No such file or directory.
Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
Example 17. Missing service units
$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
==> ./a.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
==> ./b.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
Accept=yes
$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
systemd-analyze security [UNIT...]
This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one
or more specified service units. If at least one unit name is
specified the security settings of the specified service units
are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name
is specified, all currently loaded, long-running service units
are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command
checks for various security-related service settings, assigning
each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important
a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for
the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range 0.0...10.0
indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure
levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure
levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security
restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service
security features systemd itself implements. This means that any
additional security mechanisms applied by the service code itself
are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way
should not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means
that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code
itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or
local attacks. High exposure levels do indicate however that most
likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied
to them.
Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings
individually can be circumvented — unless combined with others.
For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or
undo mount points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by
the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each
service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and
security settings possible. The tool will take into account some
of these combinations and relationships between the settings, but
not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings
analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the
service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system
(such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services
that are not subject to the same restrictions. Any comprehensive
security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC
access policy is not validated too.
Example 18. Analyze systemd-logind.service
$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2
✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges
...
→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK рџ™‚
