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   grep    ( 1 )

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Регулярные выражения (Regular expressions)

A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of
       strings.  Regular expressions are constructed analogously to
       arithmetic expressions, by using various operators to combine
       smaller expressions.

       grep understands three different versions of regular expression
       syntax: 'basic' (BRE), 'extended' (ERE) and 'perl' (PCRE).  In
       GNU grep there is no difference in available functionality
       between basic and extended syntaxes.  In other implementations,
       basic regular expressions are less powerful.  The following
       description applies to extended regular expressions; differences
       for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards.  Perl-
       compatible regular expressions give additional functionality, and
       are documented in B<pcresyntax>(3) and B<pcrepattern>(3), but
       work only if PCRE support is enabled.

       The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that
       match a single character.  Most characters, including all letters
       and digits, are regular expressions that match themselves.  Any
       meta-character with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it
       with a backslash.

       The period . matches any single character.  It is unspecified
       whether it matches an encoding error.

   Character Classes and Bracket Expressions
       A bracket expression is a list of characters enclosed by [ and ].
       It matches any single character in that list.  If the first
       character of the list is the caret ^ then it matches any
       character not in the list; it is unspecified whether it matches
       an encoding error.  For example, the regular expression
       [0123456789] matches any single digit.

       Within a bracket expression, a range expression consists of two
       characters separated by a hyphen.  It matches any single
       character that sorts between the two characters, inclusive, using
       the locale's collating sequence and character set.  For example,
       in the default C locale, [a-d] is equivalent to [abcd].  Many
       locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in these locales
       [a-d] is typically not equivalent to [abcd]; it might be
       equivalent to [aBbCcDd], for example.  To obtain the traditional
       interpretation of bracket expressions, you can use the C locale
       by setting the LC_ALL environment variable to the value C.

       Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined
       within bracket expressions, as follows.  Their names are self
       explanatory, and they are [:alnum:], [:alpha:], [:blank:],
       [:cntrl:], [:digit:], [:graph:], [:lower:], [:print:], [:punct:],
       [:space:], [:upper:], and [:xdigit:].  For example, [[:alnum:]]
       means the character class of numbers and letters in the current
       locale.  In the C locale and ASCII character set encoding, this
       is the same as [0-9A-Za-z].  (Note that the brackets in these
       class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included
       in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket expression.)
       Most meta-characters lose their special meaning inside bracket
       expressions.  To include a literal ] place it first in the list.
       Similarly, to include a literal ^ place it anywhere but first.
       Finally, to include a literal - place it last.

   Anchoring
       The caret ^ and the dollar sign $ are meta-characters that
       respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a
       line.

   The Backslash Character and Special Expressions
       The symbols \< and \> respectively match the empty string at the
       beginning and end of a word.  The symbol \b matches the empty
       string at the edge of a word, and \B matches the empty string
       provided it's not at the edge of a word.  The symbol \w is a
       synonym for [_[:alnum:]] and \W is a synonym for [^_[:alnum:]].

   Repetition
       A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition
       operators:
       ?      The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.
       *      The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
       +      The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
       {n}    The preceding item is matched exactly n times.
       {n,}   The preceding item is matched n or more times.
       {,m}   The preceding item is matched at most m times.  This is a
              GNU extension.
       {n,m}  The preceding item is matched at least n times, but not
              more than m times.

   Concatenation
       Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting
       regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two
       substrings that respectively match the concatenated expressions.

   Alternation
       Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator |;
       the resulting regular expression matches any string matching
       either alternate expression.

   Precedence
       Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn
       takes precedence over alternation.  A whole expression may be
       enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules and
       form a subexpression.

   Back-references and Subexpressions
       The back-reference \n, where n is a single digit, matches the
       substring previously matched by the nth parenthesized
       subexpression of the regular expression.

   Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions
       In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (,
       and ) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed
       versions \?, \+, \{, \|, \(, and \).