The scanf() family of functions scans input according to format
as described below. This format may contain conversion
specifications; the results from such conversions, if any, are
stored in the locations pointed to by the pointer arguments that
follow format. Each pointer argument must be of a type that is
appropriate for the value returned by the corresponding
conversion specification.
If the number of conversion specifications in format exceeds the
number of pointer arguments, the results are undefined. If the
number of pointer arguments exceeds the number of conversion
specifications, then the excess pointer arguments are evaluated,
but are otherwise ignored.
The scanf() function reads input from the standard input stream
stdin, fscanf() reads input from the stream pointer stream, and
sscanf() reads its input from the character string pointed to by
str.
The vfscanf() function is analogous to vfprintf(3) and reads
input from the stream pointer stream using a variable argument
list of pointers (see stdarg(3). The vscanf() function scans a
variable argument list from the standard input and the vsscanf()
function scans it from a string; these are analogous to the
vprintf(3) and vsprintf(3) functions respectively.
The format string consists of a sequence of directives which
describe how to process the sequence of input characters. If
processing of a directive fails, no further input is read, and
scanf() returns. A "failure" can be either of the following:
input failure, meaning that input characters were unavailable, or
matching failure, meaning that the input was inappropriate (see
below).
A directive is one of the following:
• A sequence of white-space characters (space, tab, newline,
etc.; see isspace(3)). This directive matches any amount
of white space, including none, in the input.
• An ordinary character (i.e., one other than white space or
'%'). This character must exactly match the next
character of input.
• A conversion specification, which commences with a '%'
(percent) character. A sequence of characters from the
input is converted according to this specification, and
the result is placed in the corresponding pointer
argument. If the next item of input does not match the
conversion specification, the conversion fails—this is a
matching failure.
Each conversion specification in format begins with either the
character '%' or the character sequence "%n$" (see below for the
distinction) followed by:
• An optional '*' assignment-suppression character: scanf()
reads input as directed by the conversion specification,
but discards the input. No corresponding pointer argument
is required, and this specification is not included in the
count of successful assignments returned by scanf().
• For decimal conversions, an optional quote character (').
This specifies that the input number may include
thousands' separators as defined by the LC_NUMERIC
category of the current locale. (See setlocale(3).) The
quote character may precede or follow the '*' assignment-
suppression character.
• An optional 'm' character. This is used with string
conversions (%s, %c, %[), and relieves the caller of the
need to allocate a corresponding buffer to hold the input:
instead, scanf() allocates a buffer of sufficient size,
and assigns the address of this buffer to the
corresponding pointer argument, which should be a pointer
to a char * variable (this variable does not need to be
initialized before the call). The caller should
subsequently free(3) this buffer when it is no longer
required.
• An optional decimal integer which specifies the maximum
field width. Reading of characters stops either when this
maximum is reached or when a nonmatching character is
found, whichever happens first. Most conversions discard
initial white space characters (the exceptions are noted
below), and these discarded characters don't count toward
the maximum field width. String input conversions store a
terminating null byte ('\0') to mark the end of the input;
the maximum field width does not include this terminator.
• An optional type modifier character. For example, the l
type modifier is used with integer conversions such as %d
to specify that the corresponding pointer argument refers
to a long rather than a pointer to an int.
• A conversion specifier that specifies the type of input
conversion to be performed.
The conversion specifications in format are of two forms, either
beginning with '%' or beginning with "%n$". The two forms should
not be mixed in the same format string, except that a string
containing "%n$" specifications can include %% and %*. If format
contains '%' specifications, then these correspond in order with
successive pointer arguments. In the "%n$" form (which is
specified in POSIX.1-2001, but not C99), n is a decimal integer
that specifies that the converted input should be placed in the
location referred to by the n-th pointer argument following
format.
Conversions
The following type modifier characters can appear in a conversion
specification:
h Indicates that the conversion will be one of d, i, o, u,
x, X, or n and the next pointer is a pointer to a short or
unsigned short (rather than int).
hh As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to a signed
char or unsigned char.
j As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to an intmax_t
or a uintmax_t. This modifier was introduced in C99.
l Indicates either that the conversion will be one of d, i,
o, u, x, X, or n and the next pointer is a pointer to a
long or unsigned long (rather than int), or that the
conversion will be one of e, f, or g and the next pointer
is a pointer to double (rather than float). Specifying
two l characters is equivalent to L. If used with %c or
%s, the corresponding parameter is considered as a pointer
to a wide character or wide-character string respectively.
L Indicates that the conversion will be either e, f, or g
and the next pointer is a pointer to long double or the
conversion will be d, i, o, u, or x and the next pointer
is a pointer to long long.
q equivalent to L. This specifier does not exist in ANSI C.
t As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to a
ptrdiff_t. This modifier was introduced in C99.
z As for h, but the next pointer is a pointer to a size_t.
This modifier was introduced in C99.
The following conversion specifiers are available:
% Matches a literal '%'. That is, %% in the format string
matches a single input '%' character. No conversion is
done (but initial white space characters are discarded),
and assignment does not occur.
d Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the next
pointer must be a pointer to int.
i Matches an optionally signed integer; the next pointer
must be a pointer to int. The integer is read in base 16
if it begins with 0x or 0X, in base 8 if it begins with 0,
and in base 10 otherwise. Only characters that correspond
to the base are used.
o Matches an unsigned octal integer; the next pointer must
be a pointer to unsigned int.
u Matches an unsigned decimal integer; the next pointer must
be a pointer to unsigned int.
x Matches an unsigned hexadecimal integer (that may
optionally begin with a prefix of 0x or 0X, which is
discarded); the next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned
int.
X Equivalent to x.
f Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; the
next pointer must be a pointer to float.
e Equivalent to f.
g Equivalent to f.
E Equivalent to f.
a (C99) Equivalent to f.
s Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; the next
pointer must be a pointer to the initial element of a
character array that is long enough to hold the input
sequence and the terminating null byte ('\0'), which is
added automatically. The input string stops at white
space or at the maximum field width, whichever occurs
first.
c Matches a sequence of characters whose length is specified
by the maximum field width (default 1); the next pointer
must be a pointer to char, and there must be enough room
for all the characters (no terminating null byte is
added). The usual skip of leading white space is
suppressed. To skip white space first, use an explicit
space in the format.
[ Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the
specified set of accepted characters; the next pointer
must be a pointer to char, and there must be enough room
for all the characters in the string, plus a terminating
null byte. The usual skip of leading white space is
suppressed. The string is to be made up of characters in
(or not in) a particular set; the set is defined by the
characters between the open bracket [ character and a
close bracket ] character. The set excludes those
characters if the first character after the open bracket
is a circumflex (^). To include a close bracket in the
set, make it the first character after the open bracket or
the circumflex; any other position will end the set. The
hyphen character - is also special; when placed between
two other characters, it adds all intervening characters
to the set. To include a hyphen, make it the last
character before the final close bracket. For instance,
[^]0-9-] means the set "everything except close bracket,
zero through nine, and hyphen". The string ends with the
appearance of a character not in the (or, with a
circumflex, in) set or when the field width runs out.
p Matches a pointer value (as printed by %p in printf(3));
the next pointer must be a pointer to a pointer to void.
n Nothing is expected; instead, the number of characters
consumed thus far from the input is stored through the
next pointer, which must be a pointer to int, or variant
whose size matches the (optionally) supplied integer
length modifier. This is not a conversion and does not
increase the count returned by the function. The
assignment can be suppressed with the * assignment-
suppression character, but the effect on the return value
is undefined. Therefore %*n conversions should not be
used.
