график периодической фоновой работы (schedule periodic background work)
Пролог (Prolog)
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The
Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
Имя (Name)
crontab — schedule periodic background work
Синопсис (Synopsis)
crontab [file]
crontab [-e|-l|-r]
Описание (Description)
The crontab utility shall create, replace, or edit a user's
crontab entry; a crontab entry is a list of commands and the
times at which they shall be executed. The new crontab entry can
be input by specifying file or input from standard input if no
file operand is specified, or by using an editor, if -e is
specified.
Upon execution of a command from a crontab entry, the
implementation shall supply a default environment, defining at
least the following environment variables:
HOME A pathname of the user's home directory.
LOGNAME The user's login name.
PATH A string representing a search path guaranteed to find
all of the standard utilities.
SHELL A pathname of the command interpreter. When crontab is
invoked as specified by this volume of POSIX.1‐2017,
the value shall be a pathname for sh.
The values of these variables when crontab is invoked as
specified by this volume of POSIX.1‐2017 shall not affect the
default values provided when the scheduled command is run.
If standard output and standard error are not redirected by
commands executed from the crontab entry, any generated output or
errors shall be mailed, via an implementation-defined method, to
the user.
Users shall be permitted to use crontab if their names appear in
the file cron.allow which is located in an implementation-defined
directory. If that file does not exist, the file cron.deny,
which is located in an implementation-defined directory, shall be
checked to determine whether the user shall be denied access to
crontab. If neither file exists, only a process with appropriate
privileges shall be allowed to submit a job. If only cron.deny
exists and is empty, global usage shall be permitted. The
cron.allow and cron.deny files shall consist of one user name per
line.
Параметры (Options)
The crontab utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume
of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
-e Edit a copy of the invoking user's crontab entry, or
create an empty entry to edit if the crontab entry does
not exist. When editing is complete, the entry shall be
installed as the user's crontab entry.
-l (The letter ell.) List the invoking user's crontab
entry.
-r Remove the invoking user's crontab entry.
Операнды (Operands)
The following operand shall be supported:
file The pathname of a file that contains specifications, in
the format defined in the INPUT FILES section, for
crontab entries.
Стандартный ввод (Stdin)
See the INPUT FILES section.
Входные файлы (Input files)
In the POSIX locale, the user or application shall ensure that a
crontab entry is a text file consisting of lines of six fields
each. The fields shall be separated by <blank> characters. The
first five fields shall be integer patterns that specify the
following:
1. Minute [0,59]
2. Hour [0,23]
3. Day of the month [1,31]
4. Month of the year [1,12]
5. Day of the week ([0,6] with 0=Sunday)
Each of these patterns can be either an <asterisk> (meaning all
valid values), an element, or a list of elements separated by
<comma> characters. An element shall be either a number or two
numbers separated by a <hyphen-minus> (meaning an inclusive
range). The specification of days can be made by two fields (day
of the month and day of the week). If month, day of month, and
day of week are all <asterisk> characters, every day shall be
matched. If either the month or day of month is specified as an
element or list, but the day of week is an <asterisk>, the month
and day of month fields shall specify the days that match. If
both month and day of month are specified as an <asterisk>, but
day of week is an element or list, then only the specified days
of the week match. Finally, if either the month or day of month
is specified as an element or list, and the day of week is also
specified as an element or list, then any day matching either the
month and day of month, or the day of week, shall be matched.
The sixth field of a line in a crontab entry is a string that
shall be executed by sh at the specified times. A <percent-sign>
character in this field shall be translated to a <newline>. Any
character preceded by a <backslash> (including the '%') shall
cause that character to be treated literally. Only the first line
(up to a '%' or end-of-line) of the command field shall be
executed by the command interpreter. The other lines shall be
made available to the command as standard input.
Blank lines and those whose first non-<blank> is '#' shall be
ignored.
The text files cron.allow and cron.deny, which are located in an
implementation-defined directory, shall contain zero or more user
names, one per line, of users who are, respectively, authorized
or denied access to the service underlying the crontab utility.
Переменные окружения (Environment variables)
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
crontab:
EDITOR Determine the editor to be invoked when the -e option
is specified. The default editor shall be vi.
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of
internationalization variables used to determine the
values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values
of all the other internationalization variables.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of
sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for
example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte
characters in arguments and input files).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to
standard error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES.
Асинхронные события (Asynchronous events)
Default.
Стандартный вывод (Stdout)
If the -l option is specified, the crontab entry shall be written
to the standard output.
Стандартный вывод сообщений (Stderr)
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
Выходные файлы (Output files)
None.
Расширенное описание (Extended description)
None.
Статус выхода (Exit)
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
Последствия ошибок (Consequences of errors)
The user's crontab entry is not submitted, removed, edited, or
listed.
The following sections are informative.
Использование в приложениях (Application usage)
The format of the crontab entry shown here is guaranteed only for
the POSIX locale. Other cultures may be supported with
substantially different interfaces, although implementations are
encouraged to provide comparable levels of functionality.
The default settings of the HOME, LOGNAME, PATH, and SHELL
variables that are given to the scheduled job are not affected by
the settings of those variables when crontab is run; as stated,
they are defaults. The text about ``invoked as specified by this
volume of POSIX.1‐2017'' means that the implementation may
provide extensions that allow these variables to be affected at
runtime, but that the user has to take explicit action in order
to access the extension, such as give a new option flag or modify
the format of the crontab entry.
A typical user error is to type only crontab; this causes the
system to wait for the new crontab entry on standard input. If
end-of-file is typed (generally <control>‐D), the crontab entry
is replaced by an empty file. In this case, the user should type
the interrupt character, which prevents the crontab entry from
being replaced.
Примеры (Examples)
1. Clean up core files every weekday morning at 3:15 am:
15 3 * * 1-5 find "$HOME" -name core -exec rm -f {} + 2>/dev/null
2. Mail a birthday greeting:
0 12 14 2 * mailx john%Happy Birthday!%Time for lunch.
3. As an example of specifying the two types of days:
0 0 1,15 * 1
would run a command on the first and fifteenth of each month,
as well as on every Monday. To specify days by only one
field, the other field should be set to '*'; for example:
0 0 * * 1
would run a command only on Mondays.
Обоснование (Rationale)
All references to a cron daemon and to cron files have been
omitted. Although historical implementations have used this
arrangement, there is no reason to limit future implementations.
This description of crontab is designed to support only users
with normal privileges. The format of the input is based on the
System V crontab; however, there is no requirement here that the
actual system database used by the cron daemon (or a similar
mechanism) use this format internally. For example, systems
derived from BSD are likely to have an additional field appended
that indicates the user identity to be used when the job is
submitted.
The -e option was adopted from the SVID as a user convenience,
although it does not exist in all historical implementations.
Будущие направления (Future directions)
None.
Смотри также (See also)
at(1p)
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 8,
Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
