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Команды (Commands)

In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v".

h or H Help: display a summary of these commands. If you forget all the other commands, remember this one.

SPACE or ^V or f or ^F Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character.

z Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size.

ESC-SPACE Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if it reaches end-of-file in the process.

ENTER or RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.

d or ^D Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands.

b or ^B or ESC-v Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.

w Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size.

y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character.

u or ^U Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands.

J Like j, but continues to scroll beyond the end of the file.

K or Y Like k, but continues to scroll beyond the beginning of the file.

ESC-) or RIGHTARROW Scroll horizontally right N characters, default half the screen width (see the -# option). If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands. While the text is scrolled, it acts as though the -S option (chop lines) were in effect.

ESC-( or LEFTARROW Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half the screen width (see the -# option). If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands.

ESC-} or ^RIGHTARROW Scroll horizontally right to show the end of the longest displayed line.

ESC-{ or ^LEFTARROW Scroll horizontally left back to the first column.

r or ^R or ^L Repaint the screen.

R Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. That is, reload the current file. Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed.

F Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the end of file is reached. Normally this command would be used when already at the end of the file. It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is growing while it is being viewed. (The behavior is similar to the "tail -f" command.) To stop waiting for more data, enter the interrupt character (usually ^C). On some systems you can also use ^X.

ESC-F Like F, but as soon as a line is found which matches the last search pattern, the terminal bell is rung and forward scrolling stops.

g or < or ESC-< Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). (Warning: this may be slow if N is large.)

G or > or ESC-> Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or if N is not specified and standard input, rather than a file, is being read.)

ESC-G Same as G, except if no number N is specified and the input is standard input, goes to the last line which is currently buffered.

p or % Go to a position N percent into the file. N should be between 0 and 100, and may contain a decimal point.

P Go to the line containing byte offset N in the file.

{ If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayed on the screen, the { command will go to the matching right curly bracket. The matching right curly bracket is positioned on the bottom line of the screen. If there is more than one left curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.

} If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line displayed on the screen, the } command will go to the matching left curly bracket. The matching left curly bracket is positioned on the top line of the screen. If there is more than one right curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.

( Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets.

) Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets.

[ Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets.

] Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets.

ESC-^F Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets, respectively. For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be used to go forward to the > which matches the < in the top displayed line.

ESC-^B Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets, respectively. For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be used to go backward to the < which matches the > in the bottom displayed line.

m Followed by any lowercase or uppercase letter, marks the first displayed line with that letter. If the status column is enabled via the -J option, the status column shows the marked line.

M Acts like m, except the last displayed line is marked rather than the first displayed line.

' (Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase or uppercase letter, returns to the position which was previously marked with that letter. Followed by another single quote, returns to the position at which the last "large" movement command was executed. Followed by a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of the file respectively. Marks are preserved when a new file is examined, so the ' command can be used to switch between input files.

^X^X Same as single quote.

ESC-m Followed by any lowercase or uppercase letter, clears the mark identified by that letter.

/pattern Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern is a regular expression, as recognized by the regular expression library supplied by your system. The search starts at the first line displayed (but see the -a and -j options, which change this).

Certain characters are special if entered at the beginning of the pattern; they modify the type of search rather than become part of the pattern:

^N or ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern.

^E or * Search multiple files. That is, if the search reaches the END of the current file without finding a match, the search continues in the next file in the command line list.

^F or @ Begin the search at the first line of the FIRST file in the command line list, regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j options.

^K Highlight any text which matches the pattern on the current screen, but don't move to the first match (KEEP current position).

^R Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters; that is, do a simple textual comparison.

^W WRAP around the current file. That is, if the search reaches the end of the current file without finding a match, the search continues from the first line of the current file up to the line where it started.

?pattern Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. The search starts at the last line displayed (but see the -a and -j options, which change this).

Certain characters are special as in the / command:

^N or ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern.

^E or * Search multiple files. That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current file without finding a match, the search continues in the previous file in the command line list.

^F or @ Begin the search at the last line of the last file in the command line list, regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j options.

^K As in forward searches.

^R As in forward searches.

^W WRAP around the current file. That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current file without finding a match, the search continues from the last line of the current file up to the line where it started.

ESC-/pattern Same as "/*".

ESC-?pattern Same as "?*".

n Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern. If the previous search was modified by ^N, the search is made for the N-th line NOT containing the pattern. If the previous search was modified by ^E, the search continues in the next (or previous) file if not satisfied in the current file. If the previous search was modified by ^R, the search is done without using regular expressions. There is no effect if the previous search was modified by ^F or ^K.

N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction.

ESC-n Repeat previous search, but crossing file boundaries. The effect is as if the previous search were modified by *.

ESC-N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction and crossing file boundaries.

ESC-u Undo search highlighting. Turn off highlighting of strings matching the current search pattern. If highlighting is already off because of a previous ESC-u command, turn highlighting back on. Any search command will also turn highlighting back on. (Highlighting can also be disabled by toggling the -G option; in that case search commands do not turn highlighting back on.)

ESC-U Like ESC-u but also clears the saved search pattern. If the status column is enabled via the -J option, this clears all search matches marked in the status column.

&pattern Display only lines which match the pattern; lines which do not match the pattern are not displayed. If pattern is empty (if you type & immediately followed by ENTER), any filtering is turned off, and all lines are displayed. While filtering is in effect, an ampersand is displayed at the beginning of the prompt, as a reminder that some lines in the file may be hidden. Multiple & commands may be entered, in which case only lines which match all of the patterns will be displayed.

Certain characters are special as in the / command:

^N or ! Display only lines which do NOT match the pattern.

^R Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters; that is, do a simple textual comparison.

:e [filename] Examine a new file. If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands below) from the list of files in the command line is re-examined. A percent sign (%) in the filename is replaced by the name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. However, two consecutive percent signs are simply replaced with a single percent sign. This allows you to enter a filename that contains a percent sign in the name. Similarly, two consecutive pound signs are replaced with a single pound sign. The filename is inserted into the command line list of files so that it can be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. If the filename consists of several files, they are all inserted into the list of files and the first one is examined. If the filename contains one or more spaces, the entire filename should be enclosed in double quotes (also see the -" option).

^X^V or E Same as :e. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. On such systems, you may not be able to use ^V.

:n Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). If a number N is specified, the N-th next file is examined.

:p Examine the previous file in the command line list. If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined.

:x Examine the first file in the command line list. If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the list is examined.

:d Remove the current file from the list of files.

t Go to the next tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag. See the -t option for more details about tags.

T Go to the previous tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag.

= or ^G or :f Prints some information about the file being viewed, including its name and the line number and byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. If possible, it also prints the length of the file, the number of lines in the file and the percent of the file above the last displayed line.

- Followed by one of the command line option letters (see OPTIONS below), this will change the setting of that option and print a message describing the new setting. If a ^P (CONTROL-P) is entered immediately after the dash, the setting of the option is changed but no message is printed. If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), or a string value (such as -P or -t), a new value may be entered after the option letter. If no new value is entered, a message describing the current setting is printed and nothing is changed.

-- Like the - command, but takes a long option name (see OPTIONS below) rather than a single option letter. You must press ENTER or RETURN after typing the option name. A ^P immediately after the second dash suppresses printing of a message describing the new setting, as in the - command.

-+ Followed by one of the command line option letters this will reset the option to its default setting and print a message describing the new setting. (The "-+X" command does the same thing as "-+X" on the command line.) This does not work for string-valued options.

--+ Like the -+ command, but takes a long option name rather than a single option letter.

-! Followed by one of the command line option letters, this will reset the option to the "opposite" of its default setting and print a message describing the new setting. This does not work for numeric or string-valued options.

--! Like the -! command, but takes a long option name rather than a single option letter.

_ (Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line option letters, this will print a message describing the current setting of that option. The setting of the option is not changed.

__ (Double underscore.) Like the _ (underscore) command, but takes a long option name rather than a single option letter. You must press ENTER or RETURN after typing the option name.

+cmd Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined. For example, +G causes less to initially display each file starting at the end rather than the beginning.

V Prints the version number of less being run.

q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ Exits less.

The following four commands may or may not be valid, depending on your particular installation.

v Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed. The editor is taken from the environment variable VISUAL if defined, or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined, or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined. See also the discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below.

! shell-command Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. "!!" repeats the last shell command. "!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell. On Unix systems, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh". On MS- DOS and OS/2 systems, the shell is the normal command processor.

| <m> shell-command <m> represents any mark letter. Pipes a section of the input file to the given shell command. The section of the file to be piped is between the position marked by the letter and the current screen. The entire current screen is included, regardless of whether the marked position is before or after the current screen. <m> may also be ^ or $ to indicate beginning or end of file respectively. If <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped.

s filename Save the input to a file. This only works if the input is a pipe, not an ordinary file.