Пункт 89. Apache MPM event
| Description: | A variant of the worker MPM with the goal
of consuming threads only for connections with active processing |
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| Status: | MPM |
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| Module Identifier: | mpm_event_module |
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| Source File: | event.c |
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Summary
The event Multi-Processing Module (MPM) is
designed to allow more requests to be served simultaneously by
passing off some processing work to the listeners threads, freeing up
the worker threads to serve new requests.
To use the event MPM, add
--with-mpm=event to the configure
script's arguments when building the httpd .
Relationship with the Worker MPM
event is based on the worker MPM, which implements a hybrid
multi-process multi-threaded server. A single control process (the parent) is responsible for launching
child processes. Each child process creates a fixed number of server
threads as specified in the ThreadsPerChild directive, as well
as a listener thread which listens for connections and passes them to a worker thread for processing when they arrive.
Run-time configuration directives are identical to those provided by worker , with the only addition
of the AsyncRequestWorkerFactor .
How it Works
This MPM tries to fix the 'keep alive problem' in HTTP. After a client
completes the first request, it can keep the connection
open, sending further requests using the same socket and saving
significant overhead in creating TCP connections. However,
Apache HTTP Server traditionally keeps an entire child
process/thread waiting for data from the client, which brings its own disadvantages.
To solve this problem, this MPM uses a dedicated listener thread for each process
to handle both the Listening sockets, all sockets that are in a Keep Alive state,
sockets where the handler and protocol filters have done their work
and the ones where the only remaining thing to do is send the data to the client.
This new architecture, leveraging non-blocking sockets and modern kernel
features exposed by APR (like Linux's epoll),
no longer requires the mpm-accept Mutex
configured to avoid the thundering herd problem.
The total amount of connections that a single process/threads block can handle is regulated
by the AsyncRequestWorkerFactor directive.
Async connections
Async connections would need a fixed dedicated worker thread with the previous MPMs but not with event.
The status page of mod_status shows new columns under the Async connections section:
- Writing
- While sending the response to the client, it might happen that the TCP write buffer fills up because the connection is too slow. Usually in this case a
write() to the socket returns EWOULDBLOCK or EAGAIN , to become writable again after an idle time. The worker holding the socket might be able to offload the waiting task to the listener thread, that in turn will re-assign it to the first idle worker thread available once an event will be raised for the socket (for example, "the socket is now writable"). Please check the Limitations section for more information.
- Keep-alive
- Keep Alive handling is the most basic improvement from the worker MPM.
Once a worker thread finishes to flush the response to the client, it can offload the
socket handling to the listener thread, that in turns will wait for any event from the
OS, like "the socket is readable". If any new request comes from the client, then the
listener will forward it to the first worker thread available. Conversely, if the
KeepAliveTimeout occurs then the socket will be
closed by the listener. In this way the worker threads are not responsible for idle
sockets and they can be re-used to serve other requests.
- Closing
- Sometimes the MPM needs to perform a lingering close, namely sending back an early error to the client while it is still transmitting data to httpd. Sending the response and then closing the connection immediately is not the correct thing to do since the client (still trying to send the rest of the request) would get a connection reset and could not read the httpd's response. So in such cases, httpd tries to read the rest of the request to allow the client to consume the response. The lingering close is time bounded but it can take relatively long time, so a worker thread can offload this work to the listener.
These improvements are valid for both HTTP/HTTPS connections.
Graceful process termination and Scoreboard usage
This mpm showed some scalability bottlenecks in the past leading to the following
error: "scoreboard is full, not at MaxRequestWorkers".
MaxRequestWorkers
limits the number of simultaneous requests that will be served at any given time
and also the number of allowed processes
( MaxRequestWorkers
/ ThreadsPerChild ), meanwhile
the Scoreboard is a representation of all the running processes and
the status of their worker threads. If the scoreboard is full (so all the
threads have a state that is not idle) but the number of active requests
served is not MaxRequestWorkers ,
it means that some of them are blocking new requests that could be served
but that are queued instead (up to the limit imposed by
ListenBacklog ). Most of the times
the threads are stuck in the Graceful state, namely they are waiting to
finish their work with a TCP connection to safely terminate and free up a
scoreboard slot (for example handling long running requests, slow clients
or connections with keep-alive enabled). Two scenarios are very common:
- During a graceful restart.
The parent process signals all its children to complete
their work and terminate, while it reloads the config and forks new
processes. If the old children keep running for a while before stopping,
the scoreboard will be partially occupied until their slots are freed.
- When the server load goes down in a way that causes httpd to
stop some processes (for example due to
MaxSpareThreads ).
This is particularly problematic because when the load increases again,
httpd will try to start new processes.
If the pattern repeats, the number of processes can rise quite a bit,
ending up in a mixture of old processes trying to stop and new ones
trying to do some work.
From 2.4.24 onward, mpm-event is smarter and it is able to handle
graceful terminations in a much better way. Some of the improvements are:
- Allow the use of all the scoreboard slots up to
ServerLimit .
MaxRequestWorkers and
ThreadsPerChild are used
to limit the amount of active processes, meanwhile
ServerLimit
takes also into account the ones doing a graceful
close to allow extra slots when needed. The idea is to use
ServerLimit to instruct httpd
about how many overall processes are tolerated before impacting
the system resources.
- Force gracefully finishing processes to close their
connections in keep-alive state.
- During graceful shutdown, if there are more running worker threads
than open connections for a given process, terminate these threads to
free resources faster (which may be needed for new processes).
- If the scoreboard is full, prevent more processes to finish
gracefully due to reduced load until old processes have terminated
(otherwise the situation would get worse once the load increases again).
The behavior described in the last point is completely observable via
mod_status in the connection summary table through two new
columns: "Slot" and "Stopping". The former indicates the PID and
the latter if the process is stopping or not; the extra state "Yes (old gen)"
indicates a process still running after a graceful restart.
Limitations
The improved connection handling may not work for certain connection
filters that have declared themselves as incompatible with event. In these
cases, this MPM will fall back to the behavior of the
worker MPM and reserve one worker thread per connection.
All modules shipped with the server are compatible with the event MPM.
A similar restriction is currently present for requests involving an
output filter that needs to read and/or modify the whole response body.
If the connection to the client blocks while the filter is processing the
data, and the amount of data produced by the filter is too big to be
buffered in memory, the thread used for the request is not freed while
httpd waits until the pending data is sent to the client.
To illustrate this point we can think about the following two situations:
serving a static asset (like a CSS file) versus serving content retrieved from
FCGI/CGI or a proxied server. The former is predictable, namely the event MPM
has full visibility on the end of the content and it can use events: the worker
thread serving the response content can flush the first bytes until EWOULDBLOCK
or EAGAIN is returned, delegating the rest to the listener. This one in turn
waits for an event on the socket, and delegates the work to flush the rest of the content
to the first idle worker thread. Meanwhile in the latter example (FCGI/CGI/proxied content)
the MPM can't predict the end of the response and a worker thread has to finish its work
before returning the control to the listener. The only alternative is to buffer the
response in memory, but it wouldn't be the safest option for the sake of the
server's stability and memory footprint.
Background material
The event model was made possible by the introduction of new APIs into the supported operating systems:
- epoll (Linux)
- kqueue (BSD)
- event ports (Solaris)
Before these new APIs where made available, the traditional select and poll APIs had to be used.
Those APIs get slow if used to handle many connections or if the set of connections rate of change is high.
The new APIs allow to monitor much more connections and they perform way better when the set of connections to monitor changes frequently. So these APIs made it possible to write the event MPM, that scales much better with the typical HTTP pattern of many idle connections.
The MPM assumes that the underlying apr_pollset
implementation is reasonably threadsafe. This enables the MPM to
avoid excessive high level locking, or having to wake up the listener
thread in order to send it a keep-alive socket. This is currently
only compatible with KQueue and EPoll.
Requirements
This MPM depends on APR's atomic
compare-and-swap operations for thread synchronization. If you are
compiling for an x86 target and you don't need to support 386s, or
you are compiling for a SPARC and you don't need to run on
pre-UltraSPARC chips, add
--enable-nonportable-atomics=yes to the
configure script's arguments. This will cause
APR to implement atomic operations using efficient opcodes not
available in older CPUs.
This MPM does not perform well on older platforms which lack good
threading, but the requirement for EPoll or KQueue makes this
moot.
- To use this MPM on FreeBSD, FreeBSD 5.3 or higher is recommended.
However, it is possible to run this MPM on FreeBSD 5.2.1, if you
use
libkse (see man libmap.conf ).
- For NetBSD, at least version 2.0 is recommended.
- For Linux, a 2.6 kernel is recommended. It is also necessary to
ensure that your version of
glibc has been compiled
with support for EPoll.
AsyncRequestWorkerFactor Directive
| Description: | Limit concurrent connections per process |
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| Syntax: | AsyncRequestWorkerFactor factor |
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| Default: | 2 |
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| Context: | server config |
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| Status: | MPM |
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| Module: | event |
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| Compatibility: | Available in version 2.3.13 and later |
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The event MPM handles some connections in an asynchronous way, where
request worker threads are only allocated for short periods of time as
needed, and other connections with one request worker thread reserved per
connection. This can lead to situations where all workers are tied up and
no worker thread is available to handle new work on established async
connections.
To mitigate this problem, the event MPM does two things:
- it limits the number of connections accepted per process, depending on the
number of idle request workers;
- if all workers are busy, it will
close connections in keep-alive state even if the keep-alive timeout has
not expired. This allows the respective clients to reconnect to a
different process which may still have worker threads available.
This directive can be used to fine-tune the per-process connection
limit. A process will only accept new connections if the current number of
connections (not counting connections in the "closing" state) is lower
than:
ThreadsPerChild +
( AsyncRequestWorkerFactor *
number of idle workers)
An estimation of the maximum concurrent connections across all the processes given
an average value of idle worker threads can be calculated with:
( ThreadsPerChild +
( AsyncRequestWorkerFactor *
number of idle workers)) *
ServerLimit
Example
ThreadsPerChild = 10
ServerLimit = 4
AsyncRequestWorkerFactor = 2
MaxRequestWorkers = 40
idle_workers = 4 (average for all the processes to keep it simple)
max_connections = (ThreadsPerChild + (AsyncRequestWorkerFactor * idle_workers)) * ServerLimit
= (10 + (2 * 4)) * 4 = 72
When all the worker threads are idle, then absolute maximum numbers of concurrent
connections can be calculared in a simpler way:
( AsyncRequestWorkerFactor + 1) *
MaxRequestWorkers
Example
ThreadsPerChild = 10
ServerLimit = 4
MaxRequestWorkers = 40
AsyncRequestWorkerFactor = 2
If all the processes have all threads idle then:
idle_workers = 10
We can calculate the absolute maximum numbers of concurrent connections in two ways:
max_connections = (ThreadsPerChild + (AsyncRequestWorkerFactor * idle_workers)) * ServerLimit
= (10 + (2 * 10)) * 4 = 120
max_connections = (AsyncRequestWorkerFactor + 1) * MaxRequestWorkers
= (2 + 1) * 40 = 120
Tuning AsyncRequestWorkerFactor requires knowledge about the traffic handled by httpd in each specific use case, so changing the default value requires extensive testing and data gathering from mod_status .
MaxRequestWorkers was called
MaxClients prior to version 2.3.13. The above value
shows that the old name did not accurately describe its meaning for the event MPM.
AsyncRequestWorkerFactor can take non-integer
arguments, e.g "1.5".
